{"id":2156,"date":"2025-06-13T18:23:55","date_gmt":"2025-06-13T18:23:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kidsoverprofits.org\/staging\/?page_id=2156"},"modified":"2025-06-13T18:23:56","modified_gmt":"2025-06-13T18:23:56","slug":"experimental-group-psychology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kidsoverprofits.org\/staging\/experimental-group-psychology\/","title":{"rendered":"Experimental Group Psychology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1738 \u2013 John Wesley\u2019s conversion experience in England marks the beginning of Methodism. Emphasized discipline, group accountability, and moral confession.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1801\u20131835 \u2013 The Second Great Awakening spreads across the U.S. via large frontier revivals, like Cane Ridge (KY, 1801). Promotes emotional conversion, mutual correction, and moral purification.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1908 \u2013 Frank Buchman begins forming what becomes the Oxford Group, formalized in the 1920s. Uses small-group confession, surrender to divine will, and moral inventory as tools for personal reform.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1913 \u2013 Little Commonwealth (UK) founded by Homer Lane. <\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>This self-governing home for delinquent boys was an early example of peer-enforced discipline. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inspired A.S. Neill\u2019s Summerhill and later therapeutic models.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1917 \u2013 Boys Town (Nebraska) \u2013 Father Edward Flanagan establishes a home for homeless boys based on structure, routine, and community responsibility. <\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Later used as a PR model for American youth reform.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1935 \u2013 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is founded by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith, adapting spiritual principles and practices from the Oxford Group into a mutual support fellowship for people struggling with alcoholism.<br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1936-1940 \u2013 David Wills, a Quaker and pioneer in therapeutic education, establishes Hawkspur Camp at Hawkspur Green, Essex, for young men aged 17 to 25. <\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The camp serves as an experimental therapeutic community focusing on self-governance and personal responsibility.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1938 \u2013 John Dewey publishes <em>Experience and Education<\/em>, a key text in progressive education.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li> It criticizes traditional education methods and promotes experiential learning and reflective thought as central to education reform.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1940-1941 \u2013 The Bicester Hostel, previously a residential settlement, is taken over by the Q Camps Committee and restructured into a therapeutic educational program for boys aged 11 to 15. <br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1940-1945 \u2013 David Wills runs the Barns Hostel near Peebles, Scotland, for boys aged 10 to 14. The hostel operates as a therapeutic community with a focus on rehabilitation through group dynamics and democratic practice.<br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1942-1944 \u2013 Northfield Military Hospital in Birmingham, UK, becomes a site of the pioneering &#8220;Northfield Experiments,&#8221; led primarily by Wilfred Bion and John Rickman. <\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>These initiatives introduced therapeutic community principles and group psychotherapy into a military psychiatric setting. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tom Main later visited Northfield and helped develop its ideas into a formalized theory.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1944-1946 \u2013 A second Hawkspur Camp is held on the original Essex site, now serving boys aged 11 to 16. The camp continues to explore therapeutic and educational strategies rooted in cooperation and communal living.<br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1945 \u2013 Kurt Lewin establishes the Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT. <\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>He developed Field Theory (B = f(P,E)) to model behavior as a function of person and environment, and introduced the 3-Stage Change Model (unfreezing, change, refreezing). <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>His earlier research at the University of Iowa focused on leadership styles in children. During WWII, Lewin&#8217;s studies informed strategies for improving military morale and organizational behavior.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1946 \u2013 Tom Main publishes &#8220;The Hospital as a Therapeutic Institution&#8221; in <em>The Lancet<\/em>, coining the term &#8220;therapeutic community.&#8221; <\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>His work draws from the Northfield Experiments and promotes the idea that  hospital settings can foster psychological healing through democratic participation and shared responsibility.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1947 \u2013 NTL (National Training Laboratories) Founded in Bethel, Maine<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Founders: Ron Lippitt, Leland Bradford, Kenneth Benne\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lewin died just before NTL opened<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Developed T-groups (training groups) and sensitivity training<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emphasis on here-and-now feedback, group process, interpersonal dynamics<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1950s \u2013\u00a0 Carl Rogers adapts T-group structure into encounter groups<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1957 \u2013 John Shoaff founds Nutri-Bio<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Devotee of Napoleon Hill.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MLM company selling nutritional supplements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shoaff recruited and mentored Jim Rohn and William Penn Patrick here.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1958 \u2013 William Schutz, psychological consultant develops FIRO-B for U.S. Navy\u00a0<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For team cohesion and interpersonal prediction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Schutz joins NTL in the 1960s (runs T-groups and sensitivity trainings)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moves to Esalen in 1967, integrating FIRO theory into the Human Potential Movement via encounter groups and body-based methods<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1958 \u2013 Synanon founded by Charles Dederich in Santa Monica, CA. Dederich, a former AA member, adds authoritarian structure and confrontational &#8220;Synanon Game.<br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1961\u201362 \u2013 <\/strong><strong><em>Henderson Hospital<\/em><\/strong><strong> in the UK formalizes the &#8220;democratic therapeutic community&#8221; (TC) model for psychiatric patients, led by Dr. Maxwell Jones and others.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1961\u201363 \u2013 <\/strong><strong><em>Highfields Experiment<\/em><\/strong><strong> in New Jersey tests peer-led behavior modification with delinquent boys. Influenced by Guided Group Interaction (GGI), itself adapted from U.S. Army methods at Fort Knox.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Throughout the 1960s, more centers were established based on Highfields, using funds from the Ford Foundation; The US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW); the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO); the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA); and NIMH.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1960s \u2013 Vorrath interns at <\/strong><strong><em>Highfields<\/em><\/strong><strong> and begins reshaping GGI into what he would later call <\/strong><strong><em>Positive Peer Culture (PPC)<\/em><\/strong><strong>.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PPC is purported to be a shift from fear-based group control to peer-driven accountability.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Actually framed around excessive group responsibility and conformity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Worked in Ohio, Kentucky, and Washington, DC with youth offenders, building on GGI concepts.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1962 \u2013 Esalen Institute founded by Michael Murphy &amp; Dick Price<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Became an intellectual hub for:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Carl Rogers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Abraham Maslow<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Will Schutz\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Will Schutz (FIRO-B) bridges NTL and Esalen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Corporate consulting, education, and military training begin adopting T-group dynamics<strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1964 \u2013 Fritz Perls joins Esalen Institute.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Developed Gestalt Therapy with his wife, Laura Perls\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Originally based on psychoanalysis, Reichian work, existentialism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exercises include empty chair, hot seat<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1964 \u2013 William Penn Patrick founds Holiday Magic<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Used MLM sales techniques adapted from his time at Nutri-Bio<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Established Leadership Dynamics to train top sellers\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First known commercial large group awareness training (LGAT).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Abusive \u201ctraining\u201d model co-founded by Patrick.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1965 \u2013 <\/strong><strong><em>Daytop Village<\/em><\/strong><strong> founded in New York by Daniel Harold Casriel, drawing from Synanon and psychiatry. Fuses Synanon&#8217;s model with professional therapy.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1966 \u2013 Hyde School founded in Bath, Maine by Joseph Gauld.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Blended John Dewey\u2019s experiential learning, William Heard Kilpatrick\u2019s project method, and Carl Rogers\u2019 encounter group dynamics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emphasized \u201ccharacter before academics\u201d, centering moral development and internal transformation over scholastic achievement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Introduced Discovery Groups (present by early 1970s), small peer accountability circles modeled after T-groups, encounter groups, and AA-style moral inventory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weekly meetings included public confession, emotional challenge, and communal feedback, echoing structures from NTL and human potential movement training.<strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1966\u201367 \u2013 <\/strong><strong><em>Phoenix House<\/em><\/strong><strong> founded in NYC by Mitchell Rosenthal and others who split from Daytop. Emphasizes hierarchical structure, confrontational methods, and job function assignments.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1967 \u2013 CEDU founded by Mel Wasserman in Running Springs, CA.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Modeled on Synanon and human potential movement philosophies; Wasserman was a former Synanon member.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Incorporated attack therapy, emotional confession, and large-group awareness training into a residential boarding school format for teens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Core programming involved marathon seminars lasting several days, including <em>Propheets<\/em>, <em>Truth<\/em>, <em>Chairwork<\/em>, and guided group confrontation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emphasized total personal responsibility, behavioral control, and emotional breakdown as a precondition for &#8220;breakthrough.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One of the earliest programs to fuse LGAT methods with youth behavior modification, predating WWASP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CEDU culture spread through spin-offs and offshoots, including Rocky Mountain Academy, Northwest Academy, and Ascent.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1967 \u2013 <\/strong><strong><em>The Seed<\/em><\/strong><strong> founded in Florida by Art Barker. Uses attack therapy and strict control. Explicitly modeled after Synanon. Spreads rapidly.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1967 \u2013 Carl Ransom Rogers leads encounter groups at Esalen Institute, blending education, therapy, and human potential work<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Late 1950s\u2013early 1960s \u2013 Adapted Deweyan\/Kilpatrick principles into Encounter Groups: emotional honesty, group-based growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Published <em>On Encounter Groups<\/em> (1970).<strong><br><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1967 \u2013 Leadership Dynamics Institute (LDI) is founded by William Penn Patrick, a salesman and multi-level marketing magnate (Holiday Magic).<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>LDI pioneered brutal, confrontational &#8220;trainings&#8221; that used military-style drills, emotional abuse, humiliation, and forced confessions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It drew on military training, Scientology, and motivational salesmanship.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1968 \u2013 Mind Dynamics founded by Alexander Everett, a mystically inclined figure who had been briefly associated with William Penn Patrick and LDI.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mind Dynamics took some of LDI\u2019s confrontational aspects but blended them with New Thought, Silva Mind Control, visualization, and pseudo-ESP teachings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trained Werner Erhard and John Hanley.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00a01971 &#8212; Werner Erhard launches est (Erhard Seminars Training)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Trained under Alexander Everett at Mind Dynamics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Took the performative \u201cbreakdown\/breakthrough\u201d structure of LDI and repackaged it with pseudo-philosophical flair.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>est became the flagship LGAT of the 1970s, running 60-hour trainings with verbal abuse, bathroom control, sleep deprivation, and demands for total submission.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1971 \u2013 Elan School is founded in Poland, Maine by Joe Ricci and psychiatrist Gerald Davidson. <\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ricci, who had attended Daytop Village in 1969 but did not complete the program, falsely claimed to be a graduate and role model. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elan&#8217;s structure borrowed heavily from Daytop&#8217;s confrontational tactics, combined with Ricci&#8217;s personal beliefs and Davidson&#8217;s psychiatric input. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maine was chosen for its looser licensing requirements, allowing the program to operate with minimal oversight.<br><strong>1971 \u2013 Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights begins investigating behavior modification programs, particularly federally funded ones.<br><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1974 <strong>\u2013<\/strong> John Hanley co-founds Lifespring<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hanley was a former trainer for both LDI and Mind Dynamics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lifespring copied Mind Dynamic&#8217;s structure: breaking people down, confronting them publicly, and demanding total \u201cresponsibility\u201d for all suffering.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hanley denied that it was therapy, but lifelong trauma and lawsuits followed participants.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1974 <strong>\u2013<\/strong> Synanon establishes Punk Squad boot camps for troubled youth, most attendees court ordered as an alternative to juvenile detention centers<br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1973\u20131975 <strong>\u2013<\/strong> FTC crackdown on Holiday Magic, LDI, Mind Dynamics<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>William Penn Patrick dies in a 1973 plane crash.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>By 1975, federal investigators had dismantled the core companies but the trainers had already scattered.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1970s\u20131990s \u2013 Vorrath establishes the <em>Center for Group Studies<\/em>, spreading PPC across at least 20 U.S. states and several Canadian provinces, especially in juvenile justice and residential care settings.<br><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1976 \u2013 Frank Zappala &amp; Mel Sembler found Straight Inc. in St Petersburg, FL<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funded with a $50k LEAA grant\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Several counselors quit Straight Inc in the first year, reported abuse to press and authorities<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mid-1980s \u2013 Robert Lichfield, founder of WWASP, attends a LifeSpring seminar led by David Gilcrease<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gilcrease &amp; Lichfield decide to work together to build programming for troubled kids based around LifeSpring Seminar programming<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Connected to Gilcrease &amp; Resource Realizations (supplied seminars &amp; seminar leaders)<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1986 \u2013 David Gilcrease founds Resource Realizations, later renamed Premier Educational Seminars<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Began leading seminars at Cross Creek Manor with his ex-wife and fellow former Lifespring trainer, Jeannie Courtney.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Courtney would later found a therapeutic boarding school called Spring Ridge Academy and claim that she developed the CCM seminars herself.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1991 \u2013 Last Synanon community disbanded (due to outstanding taxes owed)<\/strong><br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Works Cited:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Borin, L. (n.d.). History of the Field. Rutgers University.<a href=\"https:\/\/aspoerri.comminfo.rutgers.edu\/Teaching\/MPResources\/StudentWork\/borin\/psychology_2.htm\"> https:\/\/aspoerri.comminfo.rutgers.edu\/Teaching\/MPResources\/StudentWork\/borin\/psychology_2.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brendtro, L. K., &amp; Vorrath, H. H. (1985). <em>Positive Peer Culture<\/em>. Aldine Publishing Company.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cartwright, D. (Ed.). (1951). <em>Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers by Kurt Lewin<\/em>. Harper &amp; Row.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chatfield, M. M. (2023). That hurts you badder than punchin\u2019: The troubled teen industry and therapeutic violence in group rehabilitation programs since World War II. <em>Social History of Alcohol and Drugs, 37<\/em>(2), 268\u2013292.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/725507\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/725507<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chatfield, M. M. (2024). To use this word \u2026 would be absurd: How the brainwashing label threatened and enabled the troubled-teen industry. <em>Journal of American Studies<\/em>, 1\u201333.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0021875824000112\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0021875824000112<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conway, F., &amp; Siegelman, J. (1978). <em>Snapping: America&#8217;s Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change<\/em>. Dell. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/snappingamericas0000conw\">https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/snappingamericas0000conw<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Curley, M. (2012). <em>Duck in a raincoat: The Joe Ricci story<\/em> (2nd ed.). Dokumen.pub. <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/duck-in-a-raincoat-secondnbsped-9780962952203.html\">https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/duck-in-a-raincoat-secondnbsped-9780962952203.html<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dederich, C. (1962). Oral history interview with Charles Dederich (E. I. Dixon, Interviewer). UCLA Center for Oral History Research.<a href=\"https:\/\/oralhistory.library.ucla.edu\/catalog\/21198-zz002ctdwn\"> https:\/\/oralhistory.library.ucla.edu\/catalog\/21198-zz002ctdwn<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Harrison, M. (2015). <em>The origins and evolution of therapeutic communities: From religious revival to psychosocial reform<\/em>. In K. Bloom, B. S. Rawlings, &amp; G. Rose (Eds.), <em>Therapeutic communities: Past, present and future<\/em> (pp. 17\u201333). Routledge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hill, N. (1928). <em>The law of success: The master wealth-builder&#8217;s complete and original lesson plan for achieving your dreams<\/em>. Ralston Publishing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hill, N. (1937). <em>Think and grow rich<\/em>. The Ralston Society.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Survivors Action Committee ISAC Corporation. (2004). WWASP alleged crimes report. ISAC Corporation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kilpatrick, W. H. (1918). <em>The project method: The use of the purposeful act in the educative process<\/em>. Teachers College Record, 19(4), 319\u2013335.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kinzer, S. (2019). <em>Poisoner in chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA search for mind control<\/em>. Henry Holt and Co.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lewin, K. (1947). <em>Frontiers in group dynamics: Concept, method and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change<\/em>. <em>Human Relations<\/em>, 1(1), 5\u201341.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marie, J. (2024). <em>Selling the dream: The billion-dollar industry bankrupting Americans<\/em>. Atria Books.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pressman, S. (1993). <em>Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile<\/em>. New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/outrageousbetray0000pres\/page\/n2\/mode\/1up\">https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/outrageousbetray0000pres\/page\/n2\/mode\/1up<\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Quigley, R. (2007). Roots of Positive Peer Culture: Harry Vorrath \u2013 The man and the myth. <em>Reclaiming Children and Youth<\/em>, 15(4), 207\u2013209.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U.S. Senate. (1974). <em>Individual rights and the federal role in behavior modification: A study prepared by the staff of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-third Congress, second session<\/em>. U.S. Government Printing Office.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whiteley, S. (2004). The evolution of the therapeutic community. <em>Psychiatric Quarterly, 75<\/em>(3), 233\u2013248.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Works Cited:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2156","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"mb":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Experimental Group Psychology - Staging<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Experimental Group Psychology - 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