Research & Reports
Government audits, academic studies and investigative reports on youth residential treatment, with our notes on what they found.
Scholars, government agencies, and other researchers have found repeatedly that the practices of the Troubled Teen Industry are harmful. In this section, we review and summarize available publications from trustworthy sources.
Reports, studies and records 34 documents
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Academic / 2025
The dissociative mechanism of change in wilderness and adventure therapy: Psychological harm and possible malpractice
Programs named:
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Government / 2024
House Ways and Means Committee — Hearing Announcement on Title IV-B Reauthorization (June 2024)
Programs named:
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Academic / 2024
How the Brainwashing Label Threatened and Enabled the TTI
Programs named: Straight Inc. Pinehills Center The Seed
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Academic / 2024
Institutional Violence, Epistemic Injustice, and Psychiatrised Youth
Programs named:
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Government / 2024
Many States Lack Information to Monitor Maltreatment in Residential Facilities for Children in Foster Care
Programs named:
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Academic / 2024
The Alarming Absence of TTI Regulation and Proposals for Reform
Programs named: Circle of Hope Girls’ Ranch Provo Canyon School Youth Academy
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Government / 2024
Warehouses of Neglect: How Taxpayers Are Funding Systemic Abuse in Youth Residential Treatment Facilities
Programs named: Acadia Montana Acadia Village Alabama Clinical Schools Belmont Pines RTC Program Brighter Path Tuskegee Brighter Transition Youth Treatment Center Brighter Transition Youth Treatment Center/Falls Academy Brynn Marr Hospital Casa Grande Academy Cedar Ridge Behavioral Hospital Cedar Ridge Residential Treatment Facility Chad Youth Enhancement Center – Oak Plains Academy Compass Intervention Center Copper Hills Youth Center Cumberland Hospital Cumberland Hospital for Children and Adolescents Desert Hills of New Mexico Sub-Acute Unit Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health Georgia Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health Massachusetts & Rhode Island Devereux Cathy House Devereux Devon House Devereux Florida I/DD Program Devereux Florida IRTC Devereux Florida Specialized Therapeutic Group Home Devereux Pennsylvania Brandywine School Devereux Pennsylvania Mapleton Intensive Program Foundations Behavioral Health RTF Foundations for Living Harbor Point Behavioral Health Center Havenwyck Hospital Residential Impulse Disorder Program Heartland Behavioral Health Services RTF Hermitage Hall Hill Crest Behavioral Health Hill Crest RTC Lakeside Academy Laurel Heights Hospital Residential Treatment Laurel Oaks Behavioral Health Center Lighthouse Care Center of Augusta Psychiatric RTP Little Creek Behavioral Health Little Creek Behavioral Health Residential Treatment Facility McDowell Center for Children Millcreek Behavioral Health Psychiatric Residential Treatment Facility Mingus Mountain Academy Natchez Trace Youth Academy Newport News Behavioral Health Center RTF North Spring Behavioral Healthcare Horizons Program North Spring Behavioral Healthcare Inc North Spring Behavioral Healthcare Sunrise Program North Spring Behavioral Healthcare Trailblazers Program North Star Behavioral Health DeBarr RTC North Star Behavioral Health DeBarr RTC for Girls North Star Behavioral Health Palmer RTC North Star Behavioral Health Palmer RTC for Boys Palmetto Pines PTRF Palmetto Summerville Behavioral Health Pavilion Behavioral Health System Adolescent RTC Pines Residential RTC: Crawford Center Pines Residential Treatment Center Pines RTC: Brighton Campus Piney Ridge Treatment Center Provo Canyon School Resource Treatment Center – Carina Group Home Resource Treatment Center – Polaris Group Home Resource Treatment Center – Wind Rose Home for Girls River Park Hospital – The Barboursville School River Park Hospital – The Bridge Program River Park Hospital – The Roundtable Program San Marcos Treatment Center SandyPines RTC St. John's Youth Academy Suncoast Behavioral Health Center RTP The Brown Schools at Cedar Springs The Devereux Red Hook School The Devereux School The Hughes Center UHS of Provo Canyon Springville Campus Village Behavioral Health Treatment Center Willow Springs Center Woodward Academy Wyoming Behavioral Institute Pathways Residential Wyoming Behavioral Institute Pathways Residential Trauma-Informed Care Yellow Rock Behavioral Health Youth Care of Utah
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Academic / 2023
Overt and Covert Conversion Therapy Practices in Therapeutic Boarding Schools
Programs named:
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Academic / 2023
The TTI and Therapeutic Violence in Group Rehabilitation Programs since WWII
Programs named: Essexfields Pinehills Center Synanon
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Academic / 2023
When Private Industry Meets Public Policy: Navigating the Complexities of State and Federal Regulation Within the TTI
Programs named:
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Academic / 2022
Fountain of Youth: Surviving Institutional Child Abuse in the Troubled Teen Industry
Programs named: Bethel Boys' Academy
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Government / 2022
Governmental and Private Facilities for Children: Inspections (LA24-06)
Programs named:
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Academic / 2022
Troubled Teens in Therapeutic Boarding Schools — Doctoral Dissertation (2022)
Programs named:
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Report / 2021
Away From Home: Youth Experiences of Institutional Placements in Foster Care
Programs named:
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Report / 2021
Desperation without Dignity: Conditions of Children Placed in For-Profit Residential Facilities
Programs named:
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Academic / 2021
Psychological Impact on Adult Women Who Attended a Therapeutic Boarding School
Programs named: Mission Mountain School
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Government / 2009
Seclusions and Restraints: Selected Cases of Death and Abuse at Public and Private Schools and Treatment Centers
Programs named:
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Government / 2008
Residential Programs: Selected Cases of Death, Abuse, and Deceptive Marketing
Programs named:
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Government / 2007
GAO Hearing 10-10-2007
Programs named: Alldredge Wilderness Journey Aspen Achievement Academy Aspen Education Group Kids Place King George School Olympus Academy Outback Therapeutic Expeditions Positive Impact Red Rock Canyon School Skyline Journey Summit Quest Thayer Learning Center Tranquility Bay Youth Care of Utah
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Government / 1979
U.S. Senate — Congressional Hearing on Abuse and Neglect of Children (1979)
Programs named:
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Academic / 1976
Lifespring Study
Lifespring was the source of many abusive seminar exercises across the industry, particularly in WWASP.
Programs named:
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